Name some localized infections and systemic diseases caused by viruses

Because of this complexity, the hands may suffer from side effects of systemic diseases. Here are some examples that may affect the hand:.

Dactylitis: Dactylitis can sometimes be associated with psoriatic arthritis. It can cause swelling and stiffness in the fingers. There also may be pain. Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcal Infections Staphylococci are gram-positive aerobic organisms. Staphylococcus aureus is the most pathogenic; it typically causes skin infections and sometimes pneumonia, endocarditis, and osteomyelitis Migration from a location where there are resident flora into an adjacent, normally sterile area because natural barriers are disrupted eg, by perforation of an abdominal viscus causing an intra-abdominal abscess.

Abscesses may begin in an area of cellulitis Cellulitis Cellulitis is acute bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue most often caused by streptococci or staphylococci. Symptoms and signs are pain, warmth, rapidly spreading erythema Progressive dissection by pus or necrosis of surrounding cells expands the abscess. Highly vascularized connective tissue may then surround the necrotic tissue, leukocytes, and debris to wall off the abscess and limit further spread.

The symptoms and signs of cutaneous and subcutaneous abscesses are pain, heat, swelling, tenderness, and redness. If superficial abscesses are ready to spontaneously rupture, the skin over the center of the abscess may thin, sometimes appearing white or yellow because of the underlying pus termed pointing.

Fever may occur, especially with surrounding cellulitis. For deep abscesses, local pain and tenderness and systemic symptoms, especially fever, as well as anorexia, weight loss, and fatigue are typical.

The predominant manifestation of some abscesses is abnormal organ function eg, hemiplegia due to a brain abscess. Diagnosis of deep abscesses often requires imaging. Ultrasonography is noninvasive and detects many soft-tissue abscesses; CT is accurate for most, although MRI is usually more sensitive.

Superficial abscesses may resolve with heat and oral antibiotics. However, healing usually requires drainage. Minor cutaneous abscesses may require only incision and drainage How To Incise and Drain an Abscess A soft-tissue abscess may need to be incised and drained. However, syphilis is fundamentally a systemic infection, spread throughout the body.

That's particularly true for chronic syphilis. If left untreated, it will eventually affect numerous systems in the body. For example, latent syphilis can eventually lead to neurological problems.

Systemic syphilis infections can even lead to death. However, death from syphilis is rare in adults, due to the availability of effective treatments. Serious syphilis infections are much more of a concern in infants. Undetected syphilis during pregnancy can be devastating because of the risk to the fetus.

Sign up for our Health Tip of the Day newsletter, and receive daily tips that will help you live your healthiest life. Bush LM. Manifestations of infection. Merck Manual Professional Version. Inc; Clinical use of cardiac magnetic resonance in systemic heart disease. Eur Cardiol. John Hopkins Medicine. Septicemia, what is septicemia? The evolution of three decades of antiretroviral therapy: challenges, triumphs and the promise of the future. Br J Clin Pharmacol. Epidemiology of gonorrhoea: a global perspective.

Sex Health. Chlamydia trachomatis-infected epithelial cells and fibroblasts retain the ability to express surface-presented major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. Infect Immun. Stamm LV. Syphilis: Re-emergence of an old foe. Microb Cell Fact. Syphilis in the modern era: an update for physicians.

Each fungi can be identified by defining features in this way. Figure 5: B. Figure 6: H. Another way to diagnose pets with systemic fungal infections, like coccidioidomycosis, is to take a blood sample and send it to a laboratory for serologic a component of blood testing. Another method of diagnosing and monitoring fungal disease, is by urine antigen test. Your vet will obtain a sample of urine from your pet and send it off to be tested for evidence of fungus. This same urine test can also be used to decide if a previously diagnosed disease is resolving with treatment, based on the level of antigen in the sample.

It is important to know that treatment of fungal disease is an investment. Antifungals are often expensive and fungal infections require a long course of treatment. It is important to consult with your veterinarian about what fungal treatment is right for your pet. Though the drugs act by different mechanisms, the goal of many of the most commonly used antifungals is the same — damage the integrity of fungal cell wall. Itraconazole is perhaps the most commonly used antifungal veterinarians reach for in light of a diagnosis of systemic fungal disease.

Itraconazole is an oral medication useful in treating pets with histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and a variety of other fungal infections. It is expensive, but unfortunately, the generic versions tend to not work as well as the real thing.

Your veterinarian may be able to help you find ways to reduce the cost through coupon programs or writing prescriptions that can be used wherever the drug is least costly. If you do use the generic drug, your vet may want to do additional testing to be sure it is working the way it should.

There are other drugs that act by the same mechanism as Itraconazole. Fluconazole is a similar oral antifungal that is often indicated when the fungal infection has invaded the eyes or central nervous system.

It is less expensive than Itraconazole, so it can sometimes be used in place of the more costly drug. Voriconazole is a pricey, but efficacious drug that treats many fungal infections and may be used as a last line of defense by your veterinarian.